Assyrian rule

Modern Babylonian Empire, (Chaldean period)

The Chaldeans, one of the Aramaic tribes in southern Iraq since the late Kashi era, have established several Emirates, 

The largest of which was the House of Dakurin, the House of Yakin, and the House of Navo in the area north of the Arabian Gulf. Other Aramaic tribes took control of the area between the city of Babylon and Borsiba.

The New Babylonian Rule was founded by a (Chaldeans) named Nabopulasur (626-605 BC). 

He was appointed by the Assyrian king to the sea-diameter area adjacent to the Arabian Gulf. 

He then expanded his area of influence after the death of Ashur Banibal to the north until he reached the city of Nibor. 

And when he sensed the weakness of Assyria, he dared to enter into the city of Babylon, and declared himself king over it. 

Ten years later, the Assyrians attacked the lower Zab River and defeated them, then surrounded the city of Assyria in 616 BC and bounced back. 

However, the emergence of the Medes (Iranians) and the growth of their forces enabled them to eliminate the Assyrians and topple their capital, Ninawa, in 612 B.C. 

Then, Syria was fully under control by Crown Prince Nabeutian Nasr, who defeated the Egyptian Army, which was sent by Pharaoh Nicao II to Carchemish (Jarabulus today) to stand in the face of Babylonian expansion in 605 BC, 

The year Nabopolassar died. Nebuchadnezzar II (605-562 BC) sat on the throne of Babylon Carchemish hasn't stopped trying to return to Syria. 

They were preparing the Syrian rulers for the Babylonians, among them the Emir of Ashkelon in Palestine, who was punished by Nebuchadnezzar and who looted his city in 604 BC. 

Three years later, he decided to attack Egypt itself. Then he returned to Palestine again to attack the Bedouin tribes that were loyal to Egypt, who doubted its intentions more when they were certain of an understanding between its branches and the king of Judah. 

And Nebuchadnezzar besieged Jerusalem's victory, until it fell into his hand in 597 B.C.E. About 3,000 Jews were taken to Babylon as prisoners, and Zedekiah was appointed governor. 

This was with the first Babylonian exile Jews. 

Nebuchadnezzar broke into Jerusalem after besieging it for 18 months in 587/586 BC, destroyed Solomon's temple and moved its treasures, and denied 40 or 50 thousand of its inhabitants “to mourn at the waters of the Euphrates,” according to the book of the Old Testament. 

The Jews called this “the second Babylonian exile.

” He then returned the Phoenician cities, which took advantage of the situation and declared disobedience, to the fold of the Babylonian state, but the images of the infamy defied him for 13 years, making him good-natured and satisfied his conditions.

Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar II was one of the few kings who combined administrative competence with mastery in the command of the army. 

He also had a high sense of art and architecture. 

This is evidenced by the return of Babylon to its pioneering place in the ancient world that it had reached under his predecessor, Hammurabi. 

The most famous cities in the old world are the result of its achievements and the cultural landmarks in it.

Nebuchadnezzar II ruled for about 43 years, which is equivalent to about half the rule of the Chaldean family. 

He was succeeded to the throne by a son, followed by two kings, followed by King Nabonidus (555-539 B.C.), who came to power through a coup. He was the end of Babylonian sovereignty in the history of the ancient Arab East.

Nabonidus was a high-ranking statesman in Nebuchadnezzar II's reign, and he was characterized by his love for the moon god Sin, whose mother was his priest, who instilled in himself the offering of his worship to other gods, especially the head of the Babylonian gods Marduk. 

And this man hath blown on him the wrath of men, and the priests of Murdoch. 

Nabonidus began his political career by following Nebuchadnezzar's footsteps in leading the army, inspecting the kingdom's territories, pursuing Arab tribes in the northwest of the Arabian Peninsula, and appointing his son as his deputy. 

The son misbehaved himself, especially by interfering in the affairs of temples and their properties, while he preferred to stay in the city of Taymaa in the northwest of the Arabian Peninsula for unknown reasons for nearly ten years away from the capital, Babil. 

When Nabonidus felt the Persian danger, he returned to the capital, which was discontented with him and his son. 

It was suffering from deteriorating economic conditions and unrest that made it easier for the king of Persians Cyrus II to enter the country in 539 BC without any resistance.

The modern Babylonian state was Mesopotamia's last national state in the ancient history of the Levant. 

The era of the palace (626-539 BC) was one of its most famous political and cultural eras. If Babylon's legacy ends in ancient history in 539 B.C.E. 

As an independent State, and the role of Ashur ends in 612 B.C., the demise of its political effects has not been followed by the demise of its cultural influence in both East and West.

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