Babylonia, Ancient Mesopotamia

Babylon, means the Gate of the God, was being used by the Perosh, the ancient Mesopotamia country. 

It was known in ancient times as Sumer and Sumer Akkad, and it was located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers south of Baghdad in Iraq. 

Babylonian civilization emerged between the centuries 18 B.C.E. 6 BC. And I was based on agriculture, not industry. 

Babylon was a country founded by Hammurabi, the Babylonian state in 1763 B.C.E. Ashur was defeated in 1760 BC, and issued its Law (Code of Hammurabi) and in 1600 BC.

[1] The Hittites King Marcellis took over Babylon and the Assyrians seized it in 1240 BC. with the help of the scientist. 

Nebuchadnezzar appeared as king of Babylon (11,245 B.C.E.-1,104 B.C.E.) and was brought in by the Chaldeans in 721 B.C.E.) and the Assyrians destroyed the city of Babylon in 689 B.C. 

However, the Babylonians revolted against their Assyrian rulers in 652 BC. They invaded Ashur in 612 BC. 

Nebuchadnezzar II took over Jerusalem in 578 B.C.E. And the captivity of the Jews was in 586 BC. to Babylon. 

The Phoenician defeated 585 BC. And he built the hanging gardens of Babylon. The Persian emperor Cyrus seized control of Babylon in 500 BC. And he annexed it to his empire.

If we get closer to the ancient civilization of Babylon, we find that civilization is like life, a perpetual struggle with death ; And just as life can preserve itself only if it comes out of its old old images and takes other new young images, so too can civilization stay shaking with its home and blood.

Civilization has moved from Europe to Babylon and Judah, from Babylon to Nineveh, from all to Persepolis, Sardis and Miletus, from the last three to Egypt and Crete, to the countries of Greece and Rome. 

No one now looks at the site of the ancient city of Babylon, and then considers that these wild, overflowing potatoes on the Euphrates River were once the home of a rich, powerful civilization that was almost the creation of astronomy. 

It had a great advantage in the advancement of medicine, created the science of language, prepared the first books of the great law, taught Greece the principles of arithmetic, nature and philosophy, and provided the Jews with the old mythology that inherited from the world It has the spirit of Europe of its medieval hibernation. 

Standing in front of the Tigris and Euphrates, one cannot think of the rivers that irrigated Sumer and confirmed and nourished the hanging gardens of Babylon.

[2] To some extent, they are not the old rivers ; The two ancient rivers had long planned two new streams, “with their white machetes and other branches.

” The Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, like the Nile in Egypt, were a great commercial route stretching thousands of miles, flooded through the Nile in the spring and helped farmers fertilize the land. 

The rain falls in Babylon only in the winter months; Between May and November, it never falls ; Had it not been for the floods of the two rivers, their land would have been barren, as was the northern part of the island's land in the old days, 

And as it is these days. But the countries of Babylon have become, thanks to the abundant water of the two rivers, and the labor of the Ahly for generations, the paradise of the Sameen and the garden of the ancient Asian countries and its rivers.

Babylon was in terms of its history and the sex of its people as a result of the mixing of the Akshids and the Sumerians. 

The Babylonian race grew up in these two species ; The new lineage of the Kurdish Sami prevailed. The wars between the two ended with a victory that confirmed and established the city of Babylon to be the capital of the land of the southern island as a whole.

A carving of the face of Hammurabi upon the stone of the diurite.

From the beginning of this history, we have a strong personality, the character of Hammurabi (2123-2081 B.C.), the pioneer and legislator whose rule lasted forty-three years. 

Primitive seals and inscriptions portray him in some form of imagery. 

In light of it, we can imagine him as a young man full of enthusiasm and genius, with a storm in the war, nipping the nails of fitna, cutting off the limbs of enemies, walking in the rough mountains, and not losing an event in his life ; 

He unified the warring states that spread in the Lower Valley, deployed the Brigade of Peace all over it, and established a beacon of security and order thanks to his great historical book of laws.

Hammurabi's law was revealed in the ruins of the city of Alsos in 1902. 

The law was found here with a beautiful inscription on a cylinder of Diorite stone that was transported from Babylon to Elam (about 1100 BC), 

While the proceeds of the war were quoted as being from the sky. You see the king on one of the faces of the cylinder receiving the rules from the sun god himself. The author says:

And since the age of Ano the very best kind is that the God of heaven and earth, who decides the fate of the planet, since the age of rule of all the citizenry is up to you ;... 

And since they pronounced the name Babylon the very best, and broadcast her fame everywhere the planet, and that they set within the midst of him endless kingdom, whose foundations are firmly established, the foundations of heaven and earth. 

At that point Enan and Bel, I'm Hammurabi the Supreme Prince, the worshiper of the Gods, to spread justice within the world, and to eliminate the evil and therefore the sinner ; and stop the powerful from oppressing the weak... 

And he spread light within the earth, and nourished the interests of creation. 

I'm Hammurabi, I'm the one who chose him as Governor, who came with good and abundance, who finished everything for Naboor and Derlo,... which gave life to Ark ; 

And it is a lot of water that's been given to its population ;... Which is that the great thing about Persia ;... who stored the love for the good Orwash;... 

Who helped his people within the time of adversity, and secured people over their possessions in Babylon ; The ruler of the people, the servant whose works pleased Anoonite.

The words that we've confirmed during this term are new-tone ; One would hesitate to believe that her Eastern Governor lived in 2100 BC, or to imagine that the laws that gave her were supported Sumerian laws 6,000 years ago. 

This ancient origin, additionally to the circumstances that prevailed at that point, made the law of Hammurabi a mixed composite law. 

It opens with the salute of the gods, but it's not celebrated by the constitutional legislation that's faraway from religious. 

It mixes the best and most formidable of laws with the harshest and most brutal penalties, and sets self-determination and divine arbitration alongside court procedures and prudent action to curb husbands' despotism by their wives. 

However, the 285 laws, which are ranked within the most up-to-date scientific order, are divided into laws concerning movable property, land, trade, industry, family, physical damage and work ;

Together, these laws are a law that's more elegant and more civil than the Assyrian, which was formulated quite a thousand years later, and in some ways are “no less noble than the law of any modern European country”  

And say that within the history of the laws, man finds nicer words than the words that the good Babylonian ends his law:

“When he said,… I am the honest governor. In my heart I carried the people of the land of Sumer and confirmed... 

And in my wisdom, I led them, in order that the strong and weak wouldn't be oppressed, which the orphan and widow would receive justice... 

Let any oppressed person come and have a case ahead of my image, I'm the king of justice, to read the inscription on my antiquities, and to concentrate to my dangerous words! Perhaps the richness of this may guide him in his case, and he may understand his situation! 

He could also be comforting his heart (Winadi): “Truly, Hammurabi may be a ruler just like the father of truth to his people... 

He brought prosperity to his people for all time, and established a pure and good government on earth ... Perhaps the King, who are going to be on earth later and within the future, will lookout of the words of justice that I even have engraved on my tracks!. 

He ordered the digging of an outsized canal between Kish and therefore the Persian Gulf that irrigated large areas of land, and therefore the time of southern cities wasn't suffering from the devastating floods of the Tigris. 

Another inscription has come to us from his reign, during which he's proud to possess made water within the country (a valuable substance that we don't appreciate today and which was, within the past few days, a luxury item), and to spread security and good governance among many tribes. 

From there, I hear this inscription. Among the words of pride (which is an honorable vintage through the East) is that the voice of a skillful ruler and a capable politician.

I ruled justice among the people of Sumer and Akkad, put the scepter in my hands, dug two hamorabi-noosh-Michi canals, to carry the rich water of the land of Sumer and Akkad. 

It has turned its shores from both sides into agricultural land, collected a lot of grain, stretched inexhaustible water into the two areas, collected dispersed people, prepared them for pastures and water, provided them with available pastures and made them safe houses.

Hammurabi's remark was that disposing of his authority had taken off from the satisfaction of the gods, even though its laws were characterized by their secular, non-religious stain. 

For this reason, he erected the temples as the castle was, and he appeased the priests to set up for Marduk and his wife (the two gods of the nation) in the city of Babylon a huge structure and a large storehouse where wheat is stored for gods and priests. 

These gifts and their ideals were, in fact, the money that invested the most ingenious investment, the result of which was the obedience mixed with the awe that the people presented to them. 

He used his taxes to strengthen the rule of law and order, and he used what remained to beautify the capital of his king, and he built palaces and structures in all its aspects, 

And he built a bridge on the Euphrates River to extend the city on both sides, and the ships that had no less than 90 men in the sea were steered up and down, and Babylon became one of the richest countries in the history of the world. 

The Babylonians were toxic in their appearance, black-haired, brown-skinned men, bearded men, sometimes put on their heads borrowed hair, and they were both men and women who painted their hair, 

And sometimes men sent their hair in frowns on their shoulders, and often their men and women were sneezed. 

The traditional white linen cloth covered the body up to the feet, left one of the woman's shoulders naked, and the men overlaid it with waste and cloak. 

As the population became richer, they tasted the love of colors, so they painted their dresses in blue, above red or above blue, in lines, circles, squares or points. 

And they were not like the Sumerians barefoot, but they had taken good-looking bats, and the males of Hammurabi's era were all-generalizing, and the women were adorned with necklaces, bracelets, and figs, and decked their hair with decades of beads. 

Men held sticks with carved hewn-hewn faces in their hands, and carried in their areas beautiful seals that they were impressing their letters and documents.

Their priests wore long concubines over their heads, condensed in order to conceal their human character. 

Wealth increased and produced in Babylon what it produces in the rest of the world. It is a historical age that almost applies to all ages that the richness that creates civilization is the same that presages its decline. 

Wealth creates art as it creates inertia ; It refines people's bodies and their nature, paves the way for them to pray, bliss, and luxury, and tempts those with strong arms and hungry bellies to invade the country of wealth. 

On the eastern border of this new State was a strong tribal tribe, the Kachites, who envied the Babylonians for their wealth and wealth. 

Eight years after Hammurabi's death, his men invaded his country, wreaked havoc on its land, robbed and then walked away from it, then raided it after the raid, and finally settled in as conquerors, which is the way in which the country's elite is usually established. 

The conquistadors were not of the Saami, and they were probably descendants of the European immigrant community, and came to their first home in the modern Stone Age. 

Their conquest of the Saami Babylonians was only another movement of counter-attacks that had long taken place in West Asia. Many centuries after that invasion, Babylon remained a scene of racial upheaval and political chaos that stood in the way of all advances in science and the arts. 

We have a clear picture of this suffocating disturbance in the letters of Tel al-Amrani in which the sayings of Babylon and Syria in Egypt, which were performing a modest exit after the victories of Thutmose III, beg her to extend her hand to help them to the rebels and the invaders.

They also argue about the value of the gifts they exchange with Amenhotep III, who rises above them, and with the Akhenaten who neglected them and got involved in other than the affairs of government. 

The Kashion was taken out of the land of Babylon after they ruled it for nearly six centuries, when the country was in a state of unrest and ruptured, as Egypt's conditions were also disrupted during the era of the Hyksos. 

Four hundred years after their departure, Babylon was ruled by inert rulers who had no single name to mention. 

Their period lasted until the Assyrian state in the north, which extended its sovereignty over Babylon and subjected it to the kings of Nineveh. 

And it came to pass, when Babylon was revolted against this judgment, that Sennacherib destroyed it with destruction, of which there was hardly any left. But the Hindu era, the Compassionate Tyrant, brought back her prosperity and culture. 

When the Medes state and the weakness of the Assyrians were established, Nebuchadnezzar sought the help of the emerging country to liberate Babylon from the rule of the Assyrians, and he established an independent ruling family. 

And when his successor died in the reign of the second Babylonian State, his son Nebuchadnezzar II, whom Daniel's book calls a wicked man, a grudge against him and a vengeance against him. 

One can discern from Nebuchadnezzar's opening speech of your Lord, the Great God of Babylon, the goals and morals of the Eastern king: 

“I love your high-level aspirations as well as my precious life! I did not choose for myself a house in the whole citizen that is located outside the city of Babylon ... 

I wish the house I had built would last forever in your service, O merciful God.

May I be satisfied with his glory and majesty, and I shall declare old age, and my son shall abound, and tribute shall come to me from all the kings of the earth, and from all the sons of man.

” This king lived until he reached the age of his desire; And he was the most powerful king of the Near East in his time, and the greatest warrior, and the builders, and the political rulers of all the kings of Babylon, of whom there was none but Hammurabi himself. 

This is although he was illiterate, and although his mind was not without a malleability. When Egypt conspired with Assyria for the latter to submit Babylon to its rule again, 

Nebuchadnezzar met the Egyptian armies at Carchemish (on the upper Euphrates River) and almost destroyed it. 

Palestine and Syria were soon in control, and Babylonians controlled all the trade routes that were crossing West Asia from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean. 

Nebuchadnezzar had spent all of his ill-gotten trade, what he had been collecting from the outside of his country under his rule, and what was going into his coffers of taxes imposed on his people — 

He had spent all of this on beautifying his capital and softening the priests' nostrils: “Is not this Babylon the Great that I built?“Resist what he would have taken away from being just a great pioneer. 

Yes, he used to go out from time to teach his subjects a lesson in the virtues of obedience and submission. 

But he spent most of his time in his palace, until he made Babylon the undisputed capital of the Near East, and the largest and most important capital of the old world, the most important of which was pomp and grandeur.

Nebuchadnezzar had laid out plans for rebuilding the city, and, when he came, he dismissed his forty-three years of rule in completing what his predecessor had embarked upon. 

Herodotus described Babylon, who visited her a century and a half later, as “a place in a spacious plain, surrounded by a 56-mile wall, the width of which is the limit upon which a cart drawn by four horses can run above, containing an area of about two hundred square miles.”

The Euphrates River was running in the center of the city on both sides of the palm trees, and the stores had a constant smell of food, and the two sides of it were connected by a beautiful bridge. 

The large buildings were almost all brick, because of the scarcity of stone in the land of the island, but these bricks were often covered with bright blue, yellow, or white engravings decorated with animal images or other high-gloss, 

And still these days, these pictures are the best of their kind produced by the industry. Each brick that was extracted from the ancient site of Babylon bears this inscription of the proud king: “I am Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon.

” The first thing he saw coming to the city was a lofty hill tower on top of a seven-story tower, its towering, 650-foot-high, engrave walls, over a shrine that contained a large table of solid gold and a decorated bed that one woman would sleep on every night waiting for the will of God.

The most likely thing is that this grandiose edifice, which was higher than the pyramids of Egypt, and higher than any other building in the world in all ages than the most recent one, is the Tower of Babylon, mentioned in the Hebrew stories, 

Which the people of the earth, who do not know Jehovah, wanted to show their pride, was the scourge of the lord of armies. 

And there was a great temple at the bottom of the edifice for thy turn, the Lord of Babylon, and for her protector. 

From the bottom of this temple, the city itself extends through a few bright, vast roads, and many narrow, winding canals and streets that were undoubtedly teeming with markets, business movement, and deep wails. 

A broad, asphalt brick-lined road, with limestone tiles and red stone complexes that gods could walk in without being contaminated. 

On both sides of this vast road were walls of colored bricks, from which images of one hundred and twenty lions painted with bright colors rose up to terrorize the disbelievers, and they came not near this way. 

And one of the two ends had a fancy entrance, Esther's door, with two openings of bright, bright bricks, adorned with engravings of beautiful, colorful flowers and animals, which he would imagine to the viewer that life was going on. 

Six hundred yards from the Tower of Babylon to the north of it was a mound called the Palace, on which Nebuchadnezzar was the most magnificent house of his house. 

And in the middle of this building is his main residence with the beautiful walls of yellow bricks, and the floor is lined with white concrete and burqash, and the surface of it is decorated with clear blue embellishments, brightly polished, and its entrance is guarded by huge piles of basalt stone.

Near this mound were the famous hanging gardens of Babylon, which Greece used to count as one of the seven wonders of the world, erected on successive round walls, each of which had a layer above a layer. 

The reason for her creation was that Nebuchadnezzar married the daughter of Sixars, the king of the Medes, and that the princess was not accustomed to the hot sun and its riches. 

He returned her longing to the greenery of her mountainous country, and she paid magnanimity and the woman Nebuchadnezzar created these strange gardens for her, 

And covered her top floor with a layer of fertile, thick, full of a set of feet, not fit for various flowers and plants It's also the largest and longest trees, the roots, the soil of which is enough to feed them.

The water was raised from the Euphrates River to the highest level of the garden with water machines hidden in the walls and managed by slave communities. 

On top of this top surface, which rises 75 feet (0.02 km) from the ground, the women of the palace were walking unveiled from the eyes of the market, surrounded by strange plants and fragrant flowers. 

Beneath them in the plains and in the streets were men and women who plowed and built, carried weights, and born sons and daughters who succeeded them in their work by not dying.

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