Who is Abu Bakr al-Razi?
Al-Razi was not only a doctor, not a teacher.
But he was also creative in the fields of morality, values and religion, as he was, no doubt, in the field of humanity, to become a science of virtue, as he was a science of medicine.
This great man is certainly one of the greatest images of Islamic civilization.
He is Abu Bakr Mohammed Bin Zakaria Al-Razi. He was born in the city of irrigation, to which he is related. The city of irrigation is six kilometers south-east of Tehran.
He was born in 250 A.H. (864 A.D.) and has been a fan of science and scientists ever since childhood.
In his hometown of Irrigation, he studied forensic science and philosophy [1], but this did not satisfy his desire to seek knowledge; The Irrigation City — large and highly educated — was not the city that had Earth sciences at the time; Al-Razi turned his face towards the capital of science in the world at the time, Baghdad, the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate, and went to her on an intensive scholarship in which he learned many sciences.
But he focused his attention primarily on medicine. His first professor in this field was Ali Bin Zein Al-Tabri, the owner of the first international medical encyclopedia, Firdos Al-Hikma.[2].
El-Razi: The miracle of medicine across generations:
El-Razi also took an interest in science related to medicine, such as chemistry and herbs[3], as well as philosophy; Because it contains the opinions of many Greek philosophers who also spoke in medicine, his first professor of philosophy was Balkhi.[4],
Al-Razi spent several years learning all the medical matters that lie under his hands, and he excelled in this field.
Al-Razi returned to irrigation after this distinction.
He assumed the position of director of the hospital in the city of irrigation, and was one of the advanced hospitals in Islam, and became famous.
He succeeded in treating many difficult cases in his time, and he heard of his big, small, near and far. Fifty doctors worked for him.
In fact, it was not just a hospital, it was a scientific university, a high-level medical school.
Al-Razi has become an unparalleled scientific reference, not only in Baghdad, but in the whole world, and not for a few years, but for successive centuries.
It was the miracle of medicine throughout generations!!
Perhaps it is very important to stand up and ask: How did al-Razi reach this glory, and to this position?
We must know that success does not come by accident, and that excellence is only through effort, effort, sacrifice, and also that creativity is not random, but rather requires planning, training, and skill. This is how al-Razi lived.
Al-Razi looked for science at all sources, and worked as hard as he could to collect all the information that falls under his hand. He then followed that with deep thinking, multiple experiences, and careful study.
He started to modify the theories he read, criticized and analyzed, and then came up with innovation.
Al-Razi and his experimental approach:
The Greek, Persian, Indian, and Egyptian medicine was spread in the days of Al-Razi due to the diligence of scientists in translating the books of those nations.
Al-Razi read them all, but he did not stop reading, but he took a wonderful course from the highest levels of science, which is observation, experience and conclusion.
Greek medicine was the most important medicine of that time, but it was based mainly on untried theories.
All Greek doctors used this method until they knew the philosophers of medicine.
They had little to do with their theories, and none of the Greek doctors - even the giants like Galinos and Hippocrates - were exempt from it!! But Al-Razi said his famous word, which is now considered one of the laws of science in general, and medicine in particular.
He said: “When the incident facing us is conflicting and the prevailing theory, the incident must be accepted, even if everyone takes the theory in favor of famous scientists.
It states that no famous or unspoken world decides a theory that conflicts with actual observation, real experience, and incident; it offers observation and experience; The conclusion is thus based on facts rather than controversial assumptions.[6]
What a great principle, and how I create it!!
Therefore, El Razi often criticized the opinions of former scientists for his repeated experiments.
He even wrote a book specifically for responding to Galenos, Greece's greatest doctor, and called the book “Doubts about Galinos.” In that book, he mentioned the mistakes Galinos had made, the correction he had made to those mistakes, and how he had reached those results.[7]
El-Razi was careful to ask the patient about almost everything related to the disease from near or far. He said: “[8],
Take care of the patient's condition by tracking his condition, making the necessary medical examinations to determine the cause of the disease, and giving him the right medication.
Al-Razi's Accomplishments:
Instead, El Razi has reached a more brilliant point, laying the foundations of experimental medicine on animals.
He has been experimenting with some drugs on monkeys, if they prove competent and safe to try them with humans.
This is one of the most wonderful, and most drugs now can only be passed through animal experiments, as El Razi did [9].
And the result of this remarkable scientific approach of El Razi was to reach a lot of amazing results, and to get a lot of things ahead of science.
El Razi is the first inventor of the threads of surgery, and he invented it from the cat's intestines! And it's been used after his death for centuries, and the surgeons stopped using it only a few years ago in the late 20th century, when better silk types were invented, and it's this silk that's known as cat filament. “[10].
El Razi is the first to make mercury ointments [11].
It is the first distinction between vein bleeding and arterial bleeding, and the use of finger pressure to stop the IV hemorrhage. It was used as a binding to stop arterial bleeding. This is an eye that is now used!!
He was the first to describe the process of extracting water from the eyes [12].
He was the first to use opium to treat dry coughing conditions.
He was the first to introduce laxatives in pharmacology.
He was the first to consider fever as a symptom rather than a disease.[13].
He was interested in commenting on the urine description and the patient's blood to get out of them with information that would benefit him in the treatment.[14].
He also recommended avoiding chemical drugs if there was a chance of being treated with food and herbs, which is the kind of medicine doctors now recommend.[15].
Al-Razi was not creative in one branch of medicine, but rather offered a detailed explanation of internal diseases, children, women, birth, reproductive diseases, eyes, surgery, and more.
God gave him extraordinary intelligence, and this confirms his way of choosing the right place to build a large hospital in Baghdad.
He chose four places to build the hospital, and then he began to trade them down, putting a fresh piece of meat in the four.
He then proceeded to mold the four pieces, and then he identified the last of the pieces, and he chose where I put this piece to build the hospital; Because it's the most healthy place, and a clean air helps cure diseases [16].
Al-Razi was not just a doctor who cared for the treatment of the disease.
He was a great teacher who took an interest in spreading science and inheriting experience.
Theoretical science, clinical experimentation; He studied medical books, some lectures, he ran science seminars, and at the same time he applied to the patient's family.
He explains to them, he teaches them, he transfers his experience to them, he taught them medicine in three years, and he starts with theoretical and practical matters, just like what happens in medical schools now, and in the last three years he held a two-part test for medical students: The first part of the anatomy, the second in the practical aspect with the patients, and the one who failed on the first side “anatomy” did not take the second exam, and this is also what we are now doing in medical schools [17].
Al-Razi's Writings:
Al-Razi did not only teach, teach, and take exams to transfer science. He also took care of another aspect that is no less important than those of writing.
Al-Razi was an extensive author, writing information, and writing medical books, until Ibn al-Nadeem counted him in his book “The Index”, 113 books and 28 letters.
Al-Razi's greatest work was “The Container in Medical Science”, a comprehensive medical encyclopedia of all medical information known until the Razi era, in which he collected all the clinical experiences he had known and all the difficult cases he had dealt with.
This book reveals Al-Razi's skill, accuracy of his observations, abundance of his knowledge, and strength of his conclusion.
This book was first printed in Prycia, Northern Italy, in 891 A.H./1486, the largest book printed right after the invention of the printing press, and was printed in 25 volumes.
It was reprinted repeatedly in Venice, Italy, in the 16th century AD. The historian Max Mayerhoff states that it was 1500 there were five versions of the container book, with dozens of editions of parts of it.
It states that no famous or unspoken world decides a theory that conflicts with actual observation, real experience, and incident; it offers observation and experience; The conclusion is thus based on facts rather than controversial assumptions.[6]
What a great principle, and how I create it!!
Therefore, El Razi often criticized the opinions of former scientists for his repeated experiments.
He even wrote a book specifically for responding to Galenos, Greece's greatest doctor, and called the book “Doubts about Galinos.” In that book, he mentioned the mistakes Galinos had made, the correction he had made to those mistakes, and how he had reached those results.[7]
El-Razi was careful to ask the patient about almost everything related to the disease from near or far. He said: “[8],
Take care of the patient's condition by tracking his condition, making the necessary medical examinations to determine the cause of the disease, and giving him the right medication.
Al-Razi's Accomplishments:
Instead, El Razi has reached a more brilliant point, laying the foundations of experimental medicine on animals.
He has been experimenting with some drugs on monkeys, if they prove competent and safe to try them with humans.
This is one of the most wonderful, and most drugs now can only be passed through animal experiments, as El Razi did [9].
And the result of this remarkable scientific approach of El Razi was to reach a lot of amazing results, and to get a lot of things ahead of science.
El Razi is the first inventor of the threads of surgery, and he invented it from the cat's intestines! And it's been used after his death for centuries, and the surgeons stopped using it only a few years ago in the late 20th century, when better silk types were invented, and it's this silk that's known as cat filament. “[10].
El Razi is the first to make mercury ointments [11].
It is the first distinction between vein bleeding and arterial bleeding, and the use of finger pressure to stop the IV hemorrhage. It was used as a binding to stop arterial bleeding. This is an eye that is now used!!
He was the first to describe the process of extracting water from the eyes [12].
He was the first to use opium to treat dry coughing conditions.
He was the first to introduce laxatives in pharmacology.
He was the first to consider fever as a symptom rather than a disease.[13].
He was interested in commenting on the urine description and the patient's blood to get out of them with information that would benefit him in the treatment.[14].
He also recommended avoiding chemical drugs if there was a chance of being treated with food and herbs, which is the kind of medicine doctors now recommend.[15].
Al-Razi was not creative in one branch of medicine, but rather offered a detailed explanation of internal diseases, children, women, birth, reproductive diseases, eyes, surgery, and more.
God gave him extraordinary intelligence, and this confirms his way of choosing the right place to build a large hospital in Baghdad.
He chose four places to build the hospital, and then he began to trade them down, putting a fresh piece of meat in the four.
He then proceeded to mold the four pieces, and then he identified the last of the pieces, and he chose where I put this piece to build the hospital; Because it's the most healthy place, and a clean air helps cure diseases [16].
Al-Razi was not just a doctor who cared for the treatment of the disease.
He was a great teacher who took an interest in spreading science and inheriting experience.
Theoretical science, clinical experimentation; He studied medical books, some lectures, he ran science seminars, and at the same time he applied to the patient's family.
He explains to them, he teaches them, he transfers his experience to them, he taught them medicine in three years, and he starts with theoretical and practical matters, just like what happens in medical schools now, and in the last three years he held a two-part test for medical students: The first part of the anatomy, the second in the practical aspect with the patients, and the one who failed on the first side “anatomy” did not take the second exam, and this is also what we are now doing in medical schools [17].
Al-Razi's Writings:
Al-Razi did not only teach, teach, and take exams to transfer science. He also took care of another aspect that is no less important than those of writing.
Al-Razi was an extensive author, writing information, and writing medical books, until Ibn al-Nadeem counted him in his book “The Index”, 113 books and 28 letters.
Al-Razi's greatest work was “The Container in Medical Science”, a comprehensive medical encyclopedia of all medical information known until the Razi era, in which he collected all the clinical experiences he had known and all the difficult cases he had dealt with.
This book reveals Al-Razi's skill, accuracy of his observations, abundance of his knowledge, and strength of his conclusion.
This book was first printed in Prycia, Northern Italy, in 891 A.H./1486, the largest book printed right after the invention of the printing press, and was printed in 25 volumes.
It was reprinted repeatedly in Venice, Italy, in the 16th century AD. The historian Max Mayerhoff states that it was 1500 there were five versions of the container book, with dozens of editions of parts of it.
He also wrote “Al-Mansouri,” which he named after Mansour bin Is’haq, the ruler of Khorasan, in which he addressed various medical issues in internal diseases, surgery and the eyes.
Al-Razi deliberately abbreviated this book, which was in ten parts!! European scholars therefore wanted to translate it into different languages, including Latin, English, German and Hebrew! First published in Milan in 1481, it was a reference for European doctors until the seventeenth century [19].
One of the best books he wrote was “Smallpox and Measles,” in which it turns out that El Razi is the first one to distinguish between smallpox and measles, without very important and accurate observations of the two diseases.
This book was reprinted in Europe four times between 903 : 1283h (1498 : 1869 M)[20].
He also wrote the book Secrets in Chemistry, which has long been a key reference in chemistry in East and West schools.[21].
Another book he wrote was “Spiritual Medicine,” in which he stated that his purpose from the book is to reform self-ethics. In his book, he urged honoring the mind, suppressing desires, violating bad manners, and training the soul to do so [22].
His Scientific Secretariat and his Good Morals:
However, the most important thing that distinguishes al-Razi in all this is his moral dimension; El Razi had a remarkable scientific integrity in his writings; He did not mention anything other than the name of the original discoverer, which is why he celebrated his books with the names of Galinos, Hippocrates, Ermansus, and others, as he wrote in his books by modern doctors such as Yahya bin Masuiyeh and Hanin Ben Ishaq.
El-Razi urged his students to follow the writing and writing approach, and he told them: “If a student collects as many books as possible, and understands what is in them, he must make himself a book that is guaranteed by what he has missed in the books he has read.”
He advises all students to record the information they observe during their studies and treatment of patients - which has not been mentioned in previous books - so the followers benefit from their learning and writing.
Al-Razi was not only a scientist, but also a first-class human being. He was known for generosity and generosity, and he was righteous with his friends and acquaintances, kind to the poor, especially the sick. He used to spend on them with his own money, and sometimes he paid them fixed salaries [23]!
His students recommended that their goal be to treat patients more than to get paid, and that they also recommend that they care about treating the poor as much as they do about treat the rich and the princes. Rather, he was very interested in the poor.
He wrote a special book called “Medicine of the Poor,” in which he described various diseases and their symptoms and then described how they could be treated by cheap foods and herbs instead of expensive drugs or rare combinations.[24].
Out of his extreme concern for good ethics, he wrote a book on this, called “The Ethics of the Doctor,” in which he explains the human relationship between the doctor and the patient, between the doctor and the doctor, and also includes some advice for the disease in their treatment of doctors.[25].
Praise Al-Razi:
Near and far acknowledged to Abu Bakr Al-Razi credit, glory, greatness, science, and precedence. We do not only mean Muslims, but also non-Muslims are interested in Al-Razi's achievements and innovations.
In addition to translating his books into European languages and printing them more than once, we find nice references and great events that point to the importance of that glorious world, such as that the famous French King Louis XI, who ruled from 1461 to 1483, has paid off a lot of gold to be copied by his doctors from the book “The Container”; To be a reference for them if he gets ill!!
The old English poet Geoffrey Chaucer praised El Razi in one of his famous poems in his book “The Stories of Canterbury”!!
It is also a source of pride that, despite the development of science and the multiplicity of arts, the American University of Preston still calls El Razi a wing with its largest wing [26]. The University of Paris Faculty of Medicine also sets up a monument for El Razi, in addition to its image on St. Germain Street in Paris.
El-Razi was truly a wonderful picture of Islamic civilization, a very rare occurrence in history.
He lived his life in the service of Islam, science and humanity, and died at the age of sixty years. His death was in Sha’ban 311 A.H., November 923.
But it's hard to say: He died; One writes immortality to him as much as it benefits people.
The honorable prophet r said: “If a man dies, his work is cut off from him, except for three,” he wrote. “Or a science to benefit from”[27].
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