Haroun al-Rashid

Haroun al-Rashid is Abu Jaafar bin al-Mahdi Mohammed bin al-Mansur Abdullah bin Mohammed bin Ali bin Abdullah bin Abbas, (About 763 AD — March 24, 809 AD) is the fifth Abbasid Caliph, the most famous Abbasid Caliph. Judgment between 786 and 809 AD.

His upbringing,

Aaron was born on 148 A.H., his birth was by sight when his father was a prince over her and over Khorasan.

Al-Rashid was raised in a royal house, and was prepared to assume leadership positions in the Caliphate.

His father, Al-Khalifa Abu Abdullah Mohammed Al-Mahdi Bin Jaafar Al-Mansour, entrusted him with discipline, education and education, including Al-Kasai and Al-Fadl Al-Dhabie.

Even if his father became more upright, he threw him into the fields of jihad and made competent leaders despair, In 165 A.H.= 781 A.M., he headed a military campaign against the Romans and returned carrying victory wreaths.

He was rewarded for that by his father choosing him as the second crown prince after his brother Abu Muhammad Musa Al-Hadi.

The period leading up to his succession was surrounded by a number of political and military figures, such as Yahya bin Khalid al-Rumki, Rabie bin Younis, Yazid ibn al-Shaibani, Hassan bin Qahabout al-Taie and Yazid bin Asid al-Selmi. This was the pillar of his state when the caliphate came, and they rose with him in his country to the level of brilliance and prosperity.

Qualities

He was of the prince of the caliphs, and the king of the world, and he was a lot of invasion and pilgrimage.

And he was long white, beautiful, articulate. And he prayed in his succession every day for a hundred kicks, until he died, which he left only for a malady, and believed of the crucifixion of his substance every day, for a thousand dirhams. And he saw no successor giving more than he.

And he wept for himself, and for his extravagances, and for his sins, especially when he preached, and loved praise, and allowed him to have bountiful money. He looked at science and literature.

He loved knowledge and its people, and glorified Islam, and hated bitterness.

Conquests of his era,

In 176 A.H., the city of Dabsa was opened by Prince Abdul Rahman bin Abdul Malik bin Saleh al-Abbasi.

In the year 179 A.H., Al-Rashid lived in Ramadan and continued to deprive him until he left Mecca for Arafat.

In 180 the great earthquake struck, and the head of the Alexandria lighthouse fell.
In 181 A.H. the fort of willows was opened by force, and he was the pioneer thereof.

In the year 183 A.H., the khazar came out upon an Armenian, and they fell upon the people of Islam, and shed more than one hundred thousand inhabitants, and an important thing was done against Islam, which was not heard before.

In 1870, he came to a book by the king of the Romans, Naqfur, in violation of the Muslim truce between Queen Rene of the Romans.

In 189 A.H., Fadi Al-Rumm, so that their possessions in captivity did not remain a Muslim.

In the year 1900, Hercules opened, and scattered his armies in the land of the Romans. So Rachel the son of Maan, the son of Zaeda, opened the fort of Saqlabidah, and opened Yazid the son of Mekhladdah, Malakoniah, and Sara Hamid the son of Mayuf, the son of Mayuf, and he brakes down, and burned and took captive of sixteen thousand of her people. * In the year 192 A.H., Al-Rashid headed towards Khorasan

State stability,

Al-Rashid's period in succession to the Abbasid Caliphate was not smooth, but full of works inside and outside the State.

He was not wise to turn to amusement and play, but rather to enjoy himself.

Al-Rashid began his era by imitating the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which was one of the most competent and most senior men and was entrusted with the affairs of his state.

He increased the burden of the state, doubled its finances, reached its peak, the highest rate the Islamic State has ever known on the outside, and some historians estimated it at 400 million dirhams.

These funds used to be obtained legally, without any injustice or violation of rights, after Judge Abu Youssef established a comprehensive system for directing as one of the most important resources of the state, in accordance with the principles of Islam, in his book “The Director”.

When al-Rasheed took over the Caliphate, he wanted to ease some financial burdens of patronage, administration of justice, and redress of grievances. Abu Youssef set this book for him in response to his desire, and this financial surplus had an impact on the revival of economic life, increased construction, the flourishing of science, the arts, and people's enjoyment of prosperity.

These funds were spent on promoting the state, and leading statesmen competed in establishing projects such as digging canals and rivers, building ponds, building mosques, erecting palaces and paving roads.

Baghdad had a lot of care and attention from the good caliph and senior statesmen, until it reached the peak of its glory and brilliance; Its buildings expanded to about one million people, and it built luxurious palaces and wonderful buildings that extend on both sides of the Tigris.

Baghdad became as if it were adjacent cities, and it became the largest center of trade in the east, where goods from everywhere came.

Baghdad became the destination of science students from all over the country, where leading scholars, speakers, readers and linguists traveled.

University mosques hosted their lessons and scientific seminars, many of which were similar to higher schools, in terms of the abundance of science, precision of specialization, freedom of speech and debate, and the richness of debate and debate.

The city also attracted doctors, engineers and other manufacturers.

Al-Rashid and his senior statesmen stood behind this renaissance, with the people of science and religion praying in broad ways, giving them money to encourage them, and al-Rashid himself tended to be a literary, jurisprudence, and science, and was so humble that he would pour water into his councils after eating.

Al-Rashid established the House of Wisdom and provided it with numerous books and works from different parts of the world, such as India, Persia, Anatolia, and Greece.

He commissioned "John Bin Masoeh" to supervise it, and it included many rooms, including long corridors, and some books, some for lectures, and others for copyists, translators, and volumes.

Al-Rashid & Al-Baramkeh,

Al-Rashid surrounded himself with senior leaders and men of competence, especially Baramkeh, such as Yahya bin Khalid Al-Burki, until there was a dispute between the Al-Rashid Caliphate and Al-Baramkeh.

This resulted in al-Rashid imprisoning Al-Baramkeh, on top of their head, and their emir, Yahya Bin Khalid Al-Burki.

Pledge of allegiance to the Crown Prince,

Al-Amin was only five years old when his mother, Zubaida, and his brother labored to give him the crown, so that his succession would follow his father.

Even though Rashid had a successful look at Abdullah al-Mamoun, he says: "There are Hazm al-Mansour, al-Mahdi and Izzat al-Hadi, and if I wanted to say the fourth of me, I would say, 'I would have said'" - he introduced Mohammed bin Zubaida to his older brother al-Maamoun, knowing that he follows his own desires.

Perhaps the desire of the Emirs of the House for Abassi and their meeting to adopt Al-Ameen was the reason behind al-Rashid's decline in their opinion and the realization of that desire they had gathered together for.

Their argument was that Al-Amin Hashimi was the parent, and that this did not meet with other successors of the Al-Abbas.

He was fueling this desire, hating them against the Al-Barmak, who took over the role of Al-Rashid and won great favor and prestige.

On Thursday (Shaaban 6, 175 A.H., December 8, 791), Al-Rashid held the Allegiance Council. Mohammed Al-Bayah, his father, was nicknamed "Al-Amin", and his immediate rulers over the Levant and Iraq, took credit for his term as "master" Yahya al-Rumki".

The role of Baramkeh in the Covenant for the faithful,

Despite the fact that Al-Baramkeh did not oppose the issue of the rule of Al-Rasheed for his honest son, and their attempts, at first, to recommend this choice and to decorate it and encourage it to be completed by the wise,

They quickly felt that they had made a wrong choice, especially when the Al-Amin became a young man, and after the emergence of the influence of his mother, Zubaida, who now criticizes Al-Al-Baramka The Persian is represented in the Bramke.

The conflict, which took on a national image inside the court between the Arabs and the Persians, intensified.

At that time, Al-Baramkeh started to reconsider the issue of the guardianship of the Covenant, and they used their influence.

They took advantage of their proximity to Al-Rashid and their home to find a rival to Al-Amin and his mother, Zubaida, and found their desire to “Al-Mamoun”, the older brother, especially since his mother is Persian.

Al-Bramakkah was able to make al-Rashid pledge allegiance to his son, Abdullah al-Maamoun, with the crown being his brother, in 182 A.H. = 798 A.D., about eight years after his first sale to the secretary.

Al-Rashid took the confirmed documents to his two sons, Al-Amin and Al-Maamoun, and testified on them, then placed the sale in a silver portfolio and hung it in the Kaaba.

Four years later, in 186 A.H. = 802 A.D., Al-Rashid made a covenant with his son, Al-Qasim, after his brother, and he called him “the trustee.”

The Mecca Catastrophe and the Way to the Throne,

In view of the growing influence of Baramkeh and the intensification of the conflict between the two groups, things started to take a new direction, after the success of intrigue and hooliganism in Bramakkah by portraying it as helpless against the despotism of Bramakkah and excessive showing of their boldness against the caliph and their domination of the state; Al-Rashid decided to get rid of Al-Baramkeh and put an end to their influence.

This was not easy; The Baramkeh had infiltrated all matters of the state, and they had many supporters and associates, so he followed the policy of secrecy, and used the element of surprise; to strike them.

On the night of Saturday (Safar 187E = January 29th, 803AD), his men ordered the arrest of the whole Baramkeh.

He announced that those who harbor them were not safe, took their money, confiscated their homes and their waste.

In a few hours, the myth of Baramkeh ended and their state was removed.

The power of that family, which ended in power and succession for a long period of time, seemed to be the tragic end, which has been called, in history, the “catastrophe of the Baramkeh.”

Al-Rashid Warrior.

Harun Al-Rashid's pre-Caliphate fame dates back to his wars and struggles with the Romans. When the Caliphate was sworn in, wars between them continued, and started to rise almost every year. He even took a cap on it: Gas and Hajj.

Al-Rasheed organized the gaps overlooking the Roman lands in a way that was not known before, and its age with soldiers and increased its fortifications, and isolated the island and Constantine from the gaps, and made it a single area, and made its capital Antioch, and called it capitals, to be the second line of the gaps adjacent to the Romans, and its importance was not given to it Only senior leaders or closest relatives, such as Abu Jaafar al-Mansur's cousin or his son,”Al-Mutassim”, are not.

Al-Rashid is one of the cities of al-Taghour, and many of them are surrounded by castles, fortresses, walls, and irongates, such as: Al-Rashid rebuilt it, and set it up as a major garrison. Al-Rasheed built a new city known as the Harounieh over the Al-Thagour.

Al-Rashid returned to the Islamic Fleet its activity and vitality, to continue and support his Jihad with the Romans and control navigation in the Mediterranean Sea.

He set up a shipbuilding house, thought of linking the Red Sea to the Mediterranean Sea, and Muslims returned to the coasts of the Levant and Egypt, and they opened some islands and used them as a base, as was the case before. “Crete” and Cyprus in the year (190 A.H. = 806 AD).

The Greek State was forced to seek a truce and reconciliation with the successive blows of al-Rashid.

Queen Erini made a reconciliation with al-Rasheed in exchange for paying his annual tax in 181 A.H. (797 A.C.). The treaty remained in force until it was broken by the Roman Emperor, Naqfur, who succeeded Erini in (186 Ah = 802 AD).

“After that, Queen Erini, who was before me, raised you in the position of a brother, and she took up your money for you, but that was the weakness of women and their insanity.

If you read my book, repeat what happened before you with her money, and redeem yourself. Otherwise, the war is between us and you.”

When Aaron read this letter, he became angry, and wrote on the back of the emperor's message: “From Aaron the prince of believers to the grave of the romans, I have read your book Son of the infidel, and the answer is what you see without hearing it, and peace.”

Haroun himself left at 187 A.H.= 803 A.M., until Hergla, a city near Constantinople, had to make peace and date, carry the jizya money to the successor, as Erini had done before, but broke the treaty after Rashid's return. Al-Rashid returned to fight him in 188 H= 804 A.

Forty thousand were killed from his army, and Naqfur himself was wounded, and before the date, and the following year (189 A.H.=805 A.D.), the Muslim and Roma were redeemed, and no Muslim was left in captivity. People were happy for that.

However, the most important invasions of Al-Rashid against the Romans were in the year (190 A.H.= 806), when he led a huge army of 135,000 soldiers against Naqfur, who attacked the borders of the Abbasid state.

Muslims seized many fortresses that had been lost during the days of the Umayyad Caliphate, such as “Tawana”, Naqfur went back to seek a truce, addressed him to the prince of believers, paid tribute to himself, his leaders and the rest of his country, and agreed that Hergla would never be built again.

The reputation of Rashid and the horizons was spread. The countries of India, China and Europe sent a message to his court to address him and request his friendship.

The Embassy of Charlemagne, king of Francia, was one of the most famous embassies and came to strengthen relations between the two countries in the year (183 A.H.= 779 AD); Al-Rashid welcomed the delegation and sent with them, upon their return, valuable gifts consisting of rare animals, including a great elephant.

In Europe, the delegation was considered strange, luxurious fabrics, perfumes, candlesticks, and a large clock of gold-painted bronze, made in Baghdad.

At noon, twelve horseers would emerge from twelve windows closed behind them, and the strange man and his entourage might have the vision of this strange watch, He mentioned the magic stuff.

The Rashid and the Hajj,

Al-Rashid asked for the comfort of pilgrims. Al-Rasheed built the shrines, furnished them with furniture, and provided them with food and drink.

His wife, Zubaida, helped them carry out the works that facilitate their lives and livelihoods.

Al-Rashid brought water to Mecca from an eye about thirty miles away, and set the road parameters within miles, to inform the pilgrims of the distances they traveled and traveled the wells and the eyes are long.

Of his poems,

I felt pain and sadness ... When Hilana died.

I died when I left her ... I didn't care what they were.

It was the world when I got dead ... In her grave is she departed from her world.

There are a lot of people, but ... I don't yet see you as a human being.

I swear I will not forget you, I didn't move ... The wind at the top finds branches.

He died in his custody,

He died in his days from the flags: Malik Bin Anas, Al-Laith Bin Saad, Abu Yusuf Sahib Abu Hanifa, Al-Qasim Bin Maan, Muslim Bin Khaled Al-Zanji, Al-Jami, Al-Hafiz Abu Awana Al-Yshukri, Ibrahim Bin Saad Al-Zuhri, Abu Ishaq Hamza and Siboué, Imam of Al-Arabiya, Daigham Al-Zahid, Abdullah Al-Omari Al-Zahid, Abdullah Bin Al-Mubarak, and Khileeb Al-Akhaib.

Death of Rashid,

His era continued to be a marriage between Jihad and Hajj, even if it came to 192 AH, and he went out to Kharsan to put out some sedition and revolutions that erupted against the state.

When he reached the city of Tous, he became very ill. He died on Jumada II (3,
193 AH, 4 April 809).

His legacy.

Al-Rasheed left 100,000 dinars, and furniture, jewels, paper, and animals valued at 1,520,000 dinars.
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