Jabir Bin Hayyan was born in the most famous novel in 101 A.H. and was also said to be 117 A.H./737 A.D.
The stories differed as to its origin and the place of its birth. Historians claim that he is a Kufa native of Euphrates, and some say that he is Greek Spain.
Perhaps this membership is due to the similarity in names. Jabir, who is attributed to Andalus, is an Arab astronomer born in Seville and lived in the twelfth century AD. But most sources indicate that he was born in the city of Tuz, of the works of Khorasan.
His father, Hayyan Bin Abdullah Al-Azdi, immigrated from Yemen to Al-Kufa in the late Bani Umayya era.
He worked in the Kufsidliyah, and he remained practicing this profession for a long time (perhaps his father's career was the reason for Jaber's beginnings in chemistry, because of the two worlds' links).
The Umayyad then felt the danger of Hayyan Bin Abdullah Al-Azdi's activity in Persia, and they arrested and killed him. The Hayyan al-Azdi family was forced to return to the Azd tribe in Yemen.
There, Jabir ibn Hayyan al-Azdi grew up. When the Abbasiyeen took control of the situation in Kufa in 132 A.H, and security was established, the family of Jaber Ibn Hayyan returned to Kufa.
He learned there and then called the Abbasids, and they honored him as a confession, thanks to his father, and he was also the owner of the park.
Jabir died at the age of 90 in Kufa after fleeing from Abbasiyeen after the Baramkeh disaster in 197 A.H. (813 A.H.) and was also said to be 195 A.H./810 AD,
He was described as tall and tall, with a thick beard and famous for faith and piety, and he was given many titles such as “The Great Teacher”, “Sheik of Muslim Chemists”, “Abu Alchemy”, “The High Priest of Sufi” and “King of India.”
Education
When Jabir Bin Hayyan settled in Kufa after his family returned from Yemen, he joined the circles of Imam Jaafar Al-Sadiq.
Therefore, we find that Jabir Bin Hayyan received his legal, linguistic and chemical knowledge at the hands of Imam Jaafar Al-Sadek.
Al-Hamiri also studied, he said. Most science historians consider Jaber Bin Hayyan to have been taught by two sources: The first is from his real teacher, Imam Jaafar Al-Sadek, and the second is from the works and works of Khaled bin Yazid bin Mu'awiya.
Through these sources he studied and mastered in the field of chemistry and became the father of chemistry, which laid the foundations for the beginning of modern chemistry.
Chemistry in its time,
The idea of turning cheap metals into precious metals began with a mythical chemistry.
The idea of converting cheap metals into precious metals was dominated by the fact that pre-Islamic civilizations scientists believed such as gold, silver, copper, iron, lead and tin of one type, and that they vary according to the temperature, coldness, dehydration and humidity, which are variable symptoms (relative to the theory of the four elements, fire, air, water and soil). Break.
In this sense, some scholars of the previous civilizations of Islamic civilization imagined that the elixir of life, or the stone of wisdom, could be invented to remove the ills of life and prolong life.
Some early Arab and Muslim scholars, such as Jaber Ibn Hayyan and Abu Bakr al-Razi, were influenced by the four-element theory inherited from Greece by Arab and Muslim scholars.
But they did a thorough scientific study; This study led to the development and application of the experimental scientific method in the field of experimental science.
Trying to find out how true the four-element theory is has helped Arab and Muslim scholars to identify a very large number of chemicals, as well as some chemical reactions, so it's up to Muslim scholars to develop the discovery of some simple chemical processes such as:
Distillation, naming, filtering, crystallization, amalgamation, and oxidation.
With these simple processes, the chemistry scientist invented a variety of instruments for scientific experiments that led modern scientists to invade space.
Some Achievements of Ibn Hayyan
This is a simple and concise list of some of Jaber Ibn Hayyan's achievements in chemistry:
The discoverer of alkali, known in the terms of modern chemistry, by the name Alkali,
Enter the experimental research into chemistry. He introduced the two elements of the experiment and the laboratory into chemistry, and recommended precision research and reliance on experiment and patience to do it. Jaber is a pioneer of applied science.
He discovered caustic Soda or Qatrun.
The first to evoke the water of gold and silver water.
The first to introduce the method of separating gold from silver by acid. That's the way it's going today.
Ammonia, Potash,
The first one to discover, Nitric acid.
The first one to discover Hydrochloric acid.
Think of self-generation.
In his writings, he dealt with metals, their oxides and salts,
He added two essence to Greece's four elements (sulfur and mercury) and added a third essence (salt).
The first one who discovered sulfuric acid and named it “glass oil.”
Improve evaporation, filtering, fusion, crystallization, and distillation methods.
He was able to prepare a lot of chemicals, such as salvius mercury and arsenide oxide.
Its contribution in this field is metal refining, steel preparation, textile dye, leather tanning and waterproof cloth painting.
Use of manganese dioxide in glass making.
He explained in detail how to prepare arsenic, antimony, refining metals and tinting fabrics.
He discovered that the slime helps to stabilize colors, he also made noncombustible paper, and he also attended a type of paint that forbade iron from rust.
The first to use sensitive scales, and infinite weights, to be precise in his scientific experiments.
Western degrees,
It was Jaber Bin Hayyan who laid the scientific foundations for modern chemistry, and many Western scientists have testified.
Berthelot Bertello said of him, “In chemistry, Jaber has nothing to do with logic.”
The English philosopher Francis Bacon said : (Jaber Bin Hayyan is the first scientist to teach chemistry, the father of chemistry)
Max Mayerhoff says : The evolution of chemistry in Europe can be directly attributed to Jaber Ibn Hayyan.
The biggest evidence of this is that many of the terms that he invented are still used in different European languages.
Gaber Ben Hian did the experiment in his research, and believed in it deeply. He recommended to his students, “The first duty is to work and experiment, because those who do not do and do experiments do not get to the lowest level of perfection”.
author
Al Alam Al Zerkli reports that Jabra has many categories ranging between 232 and 500 books, but most of them have been lost. Some of Jaber's books were translated into Latin in the early 12th century. Some were translated from Latin into English in 1678. In 1928, Holliard rewrote them and introduced them to a great introduction. Europeans have been relying on his books for centuries. And the best works of Jaber bin Hayyan,
1- The book of mercy: He talked about turning metals into gold.
2- The book of poisons and paying their damages: It is divided into five chapters that examine the names and types of poisons and their various effects on humans and animals, signs of poisoning, initiative to treat them, and guarding against poisons. The poisons are divided into animals such as snakes and scorpions, plants such as opium and handcrafts, and stones such as mercury, arsenic, and glass.
3- Teacher survey book.
4- The book of the end of perfection.
5- The compulsory will.
6- Forced chemistry: It includes collections of important discoveries, the most important of which are:-
1- strong water or royal water.
2- “Selmani poison”, known today as mercury chloride.
3- The Hell stone (fallow and transparent as crystal).
4- The red deposit, and we get it by taking a pound of mercury, two pounds of a bottle, one pound of stone rock, and we treat it with fire, and we get a red shiny compound.
5- Sulfur emulsion.
7- One hundred and twelve books: 112 letters on the chemistry industry in general, with references to ancient chemists.
8- Seventy writers: It contains 70 letters in which a systematic presentation of its author's chemistry efforts is organized.
9- Book of Scales: It contains 144 letters showing the theoretical and philosophical underpinnings of chemistry and science in general.
10- Book of the five hundred: It contains five hundred letters which deal in detail with some issues outlined in the parallel book.
11- Book of Libra.
12- The Great Private Book.
13- Mercury Book.
14- The Sun -The Book of Gold
15- Private book.
16- Book of Stone, Book of Scales.
17- The Guardian Book.
18- Al-Khalis Book.
19- Secrets.
20- The moon is the silver book.
21- A book of directing the force to the action.
22- Book of Wisdom.
23- Book of Properties of Gold Elixir.
24- A message in chemistry.
25- Book of Comparison and Interview.
Questioning Jaber Bin Hayyan!!
Later in the 10th century, some scholars questioned the proportion of some works by Jaber ibn Hayyan.
French chemist Marcelan Bertillo has questioned the validity of returning some books to Jaber bin Hayyan.
Ibn Taymiyyah mentioned that the people of The Jamia have been informed of the tragedy of He doesn't know and has no mention of the world and not to be given the religion.” However, ibn Taymiyyah's words come in the context of ignorance of ibn Hayyan's condition in terms of wound and modification among the scholars of sharia who specialize in the science of men, and not in terms of denying its existence.
In the light of this skepticism, Ibn al-Nadim says: “A virtuous man sits and gets tired, he classifies a book that gets tired of his village and the idea of taking it out, and he is tired of his hand and body by copying it, and then passing it on to others, either present or non-existent, a kind of ignorance, and that work does not enter under it from one hour of science, and what benefit sought from that or return?
Death,
Jaber bin Hayyan died around 199 Ah, corresponding to 815 AD, different among historians.
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